The Importance of Economic Policy in Development: Contrasts Between Korea and Turkey

In the mid-1950's, Turkey was a much richer country than Korea. With about the same population, Turkish GNP was about three times that of Korea, Turkish exports were fifteen times those of Korea, and the Turkish savings rate was much higher than Korean. By 1980, the situation was dramatically reversed, as Turkish income was 40 percent below Korea's, Turkish exports were less than one-fourth those of Korea and the Turkish savings rate was about two-thirds of Korea' s. This paper examines the variables that affected economic growth and shows the critical importance of the different policy choices in the two countries.

Developing countries and the next round of multilateral trade negotiations

Developing countries became full-fledged participants in multilateral trade negotiations only with the Uruguay Round, during which they succeeded in bringing agriculture into the GATT/WTO, reaching agreement on phasing out the Multi-Fibre Arrangement within ten years, and beginning work on services, among other things. Their overriding interest in the new round is still to ensure the healthy expansion of an open multilateral trading system. Developing countries should seek across-the-board liberalization rather than zero-for-zero reductions, which tend to favor the interest of industrial countries (which focus on sectors in which they have comparative advantage) and diminish the support for further cuts. Liberalization of agricultural trade provides important opportunities. Developing countries have a considerable stake in reducing agricultural protection and subsidies and prohibiting agricultural taxes and export quotas. Of particular interest are agreements covering services - including, for example, agreements on ways to permit the temporary immigration of construction workers. It is important that labor standards not be used to stifle competition from labor-abundant developing countries - that any agreement about labor standards not raise the costs of unskilled labor in countries whose comparative advantage lies in exported products that use unskilled labor extensively - and that excessively high product standards not be imposed. Developing countries can increase their leverage substantially by forming coalitions based on common interests in a wide range of areas (as the Cairns group did in the Uruguay Round).Economic Theory&Research,Economic Conditions and Volatility,Labor Policies,Environmental Economics&Policies,Payment Systems&Infrastructure,TF054105-DONOR FUNDED OPERATION ADMINISTRATION FEE INCOME AND EXPENSE ACCOUNT,Achieving Shared Growth,Poverty Assessment,Environmental Economics&Policies,Economic Theory&Research